This course surveys modern economic theory as it pertains to the allocation of resources over time in multi-agent societies. Particular attention will be paid to the formal mathematical expression of economic ideas such as the market, competition, interaction, technological efficiency, good allocations, distortions: in short, the ability to give a loose economic intuition a coherent logical meaning. In terms of an overview of the list of topics, the course develops modern microeconomic theory in the following order: the theory of the individual producer; the theory of the individual consumer; Kuhn-Tucker theory including basic results in the theory of linear programming; the two-sector model of general equilibrium; existence of competitive equilibria Pareto optimal allocations; intertemporal allocation; externalities and public goods; core allocations and Nash equilibria of games in normal form. The course will be self-contained from a mathematical point of view and will require only an elementary knowledge of calculus and linear algebra. However, it does presuppose a desire and ability for abstract reasoning.