This course examines the political theory of the concept and practice of oligarchy from Greek and Roman antiquity to Western modernity and the age of capitalist globalization. We will treat oligarchy as a central yet evolving political concept through which we can explore and interrogate the relationship between wealth and power, private property and public authority, state and social classes, legal rights and economic inequalities, capitalism and democracy, in an attempt to elucidate and reconstruct the broader paradigm of politics that became associated with the rule of the few. The course also focuses on the different forms and modalities of the politics of the few rich, their source of legitimacy, their claims to rulership, and their hierarchies and exclusions. Respectively, we will critically investigate how oligarchy, which in the long tradition of political thought, has been defined in tension with democracy, has in the last two centuries gradually fused with it giving birth to new political forms such as the representative governments of liberal oligarchies.